The Historian Of Science May

"normal Science" Means Research Firmly Based Upon One Or More Past Scientific Achievements, Achievements That Some Particular Scientific Community Acknowledges For A Time As Supplying The Foundation For Its Further Practice.

All Significant Breakthroughs Are Break -“withs” Old Ways Of Thinking.

The Answers You Get Depend Upon The Questions You Ask.

Concerned To Reconstruct Past Ideas, Historians Must Approach The Generation That Held Them As The Anthropologist Approaches An Alien Culture. They Must, That Is, Be Prepared At The Start To Find That Natives Speak A Different Language And Map Experience Into Different Categories From Those They Themselves Bring From Home. And They Must Take As Their Object The Discovery Of Those Categories And The Assimilation Of The Corresponding Language.

In Science Novelty Emerges Only With Difficulty, Manifested By Resistance, Against A Background Provided By Expectation.